Meubles Canadal: Looking Towards the Future Essay

Introduction Meubles Canadel is Canada’s leading manufacturing firm in producing high quality furniture for dining purposes and was established in 1982 by three brothers in Louisville, a small town in the province of Quebec in Canada. It is a privately own company and established itself from a small to a large international operating company with still increasing sales around $125 million in 2000. Between 1987 and 1991 Canadel grew rapidly. This was due to the fact that the firm focused on demographic changes. The families’ size decreased in this time and shifted the demand from the â€Å"lunch-corner† and formal dining room segment to dining room furniture to everyday use. Canadel took advantage of this change and started to produce high quality dining furniture. With continued increasing sales, the firm expanded to the U.S market and additionally serves now the eastern part of the U.S with its products. Looking at Canadel in 2000, the firm owns 50% of the dining room market although prices are generally higher than competitor’s prices. At this point in time, the company’s sales were mostly coming from the U.S (75%), 20% from the Canadian market and five percent from Europe and Japan. Further, Canadel’s staff represented 1,550 people of which 800 are directly employed. In the following a case analysis of Canadel will be conducted. The first part represents the external environmental analysis whereas the second part focuses on the internal factors influencing the firm. Ultimately a conclusion will be drawn. External environmental analysis An external environmental analysis contains a macroeconomic and a microeconomic view on firm’s influencing factors. On the macroeconomic level one could ask a general question for example which environmental factors do affect the firm and its strategic management. It is necessary for Canadel to maintain a coherent strategy that fit in its environment in order to reinforce its distinctive competencies and establish sustainability in creating value to its stakeholders. In order to answer this question a PESTEL analysis will be conducted, where the macroeconomic view is studied. PESTEL stands for political, economic, sociocultural, technical, environmental and legal factors, which affect the firm and its strategy. Regarding political factors, the Canadian furniture industry was massively influenced after the introduction of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the United States and Canada in 1989. Trades between both countries have become easier due to the elimination of tariff s and in addition competition increased. However, Canadel was not operating internationally in this time therefore, only the increase in competition could have influenced the firm. The next factor, which influences Canadel, is the economic impact. Exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. and the Canadian dollar can affect the export to the United States, which can cause both losses and profits for Canadel. At the moment the firm has an advantage because the Canadian dollar has a strong position compared to the U.S. dollar. However, this used to be different and therefore it is important for the three Deveault brothers to take this factor into consideration in order to avoid losses. Another point is the huge unemployment rate that is mentioned. The Deveault brothers feel that they have an obligation to stay in Quebec in order to support their hometown and province, which would not be ensured if they would look for other suppliers in different regions. This decision influences the firm’s management strategy. On the one hand it could mean that Canadel does not take the opportunity to look for other suppliers in different regions who might be cheaper and therefore would enable the firm to benefit in costs savings. On the other hand it improves the relationship to its suppliers and increases loyalty on both sides, which can be more valuable than any cost saving strategy. The next external factor is the sociocultural development over time. As already mention, Canadel is a local company carrying about its employees and suppliers. This clearly influences its strategic operational decision as above discussed. Moreover, the company took advantage of the demographic changes in lifestyle and family size. It began to produce smaller exclusive tables and profited from the decrease in family size. Further, Canadel has a very unique attitude towards work, hiring policy and leisure. It is mentioned that the Deveaults try to maintain a small power distance between their employees and the management level. The company does not have a hierarchal structure and stands for an open-door policy where employees any time have the possibility to see the mangers and talk to them. Meetings held within the management level or with suppliers are classified as very informal without a secretary taking notes. These characteristics affect Canadel’s business decision like staying in the region of Quebec to conduct its business in favour of the local population. Another economic factor is the technological change in the last couple of years. It is obvious that machinery improved and facilitated the manufacturing process of wood. However, one has to remember that the company emphasises the production of unique hand made dining tables. This could lead to the conclusion that the technological improvement did simplify the manufacturing process however, not in the major way. This is solely due to the fact that the production of exclusive dining table is very labour intensive. The last two macro-economic influences environmental and legal impacts are not sufficiently addressed in the case and will be left out in this analysis. On the microeconomic level the model of Porter’s five forces will be used to detect competitive forces that affect the firm’s business decisions. First, the entry barriers are described as very low, which increases the risk of potential new competitors for Canadel. This might give reason to establish the firm as a market leader in the industry in order to threaten potential new competitors. This could be important due to some potential competition from the Asian markets. However, this does not necessarily mean loosing all of the firm’s customers if competition increases because Canadel produces a very specialised product, which cannot be easily copied. Nevertheless, it can complicate Canadel’s business strategy and force them to decrease costs in order to possibly decrease its very high prices for dining furniture. Another fact is that Canadel has a very good relationship to its suppliers and staff, which enables the firm to profit from this loyalty if competition increases. Summarising, it can be said that overall competition is low in this industry. The threat of substitutes can be described as relatively low because people who can afford to pay around $7,000 for a dining table would probably not purchase furniture at firms like IKEA. Moreover, Canadel’s products seem to be very unique and therefore hard to find anywhere else. Analysing the bargaining power of suppliers it can be said that the firm operates with many smaller suppliers in the region of Quebec. Thus, a low bargaining power is identified. Compared to that the bargaining power of customers is characterised as significantly stronger because Canadel produces very unique products, which addresses a specified branch of customers. This could lead to problems if sales decreases and might cause the company into trouble and force them to adjust for this changes. Internal environmental analysis The next part describes the internal factors which influences the firm’s operating strategy. This can be established by a SWOT analysis to detect the firm’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. One of the most important strengths Canadel can present is the large subcontractor network, which it can rely on. Long-time relationships are important for the firm, as it knows most of its stakeholders from the very beginning. Therefore, controversies and conflicts are probably less frequent and decrease the fear of shortages in resources used for the production process. Further, Canadel has a well developed retail network, which shortens its delivery time compared to its competition. A next strength is the uniqueness of its products and its high quality, which is very much appreciated by the consumers. The high price of Canadel’s products can be identified as a weakness and might decrease its potential number of customers. Maybe it might be valuable to think about an additional production line that is cheaper and hence affordable to more people. A further weakness is the just-in-time (JIT) inventory system that could easily cause shortages although the firm accounted some time lack due to human errors. That JIT inventory system can be of course also identified as a firm’s strength. Canadel’s opportunities are already recognised by the expansion in the U.S. market, which could also be extended to the western part of the U.S. The already mentioned cheaper product line could be an opportunity to attract more consumers and to increase sales or to broaden the firm’s product segment. Major threats of the company are the Asian manufactures, which are likely to produce cheaper products and therefore might capture some of Canadel’s sales. Moreover, it can be said that Canadel has a major competitive advantage in producing high quality and unique dining furniture. It has the capabilities and resources, which is supported by the geographical location. A strong value chain can be identified with a good stakeholder network and a good infrastructure. These factors facilitate the firm’s operating position by focusing on the resources, capabilities and resources of Canadel. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that Canadel managed to establish itself with a strong position in the fast growing dining room market. It has many opportunities to improve this position and expand its business by increasing its product line and thus attract more consumers. Further, it needs to pay attention to possible new competitors entering the market. Therefore, the philosophy to â€Å"grow when its time to grow† should not be taken too seriously because this might cause trouble to Canadel. It has to adjust to demographic and environmental changes. However, it should maintain its unique business culture and operation strategy. References Johnson G., Whittington R., Scholes K. (2008). Exploring Corporate Strategy (9th edition). Harlow UK: Pearson Education. Mark K., Hebert L., Crossan M,. (2001). Meubles Canadel: Looking towards the future. Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario.

Interview Qaisra Shahraz

Aquaria Sahara visited many places in India and gave talks on her two books. Her trip was made possible by her Indian publishers Penguin. I chanced to read her work and I found It Interesting. Later my colleague and the co -editor of this book Professor A. R. Sidewalk suggested that we could Interest many people to contribute essays on the art and craft of Aquaria Sahara. The response simply overwhelmed us. In almost no time we received the consent of a great many colleagues in India and elsewhere in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Europe and the United States to write for this volume. Most of them have kept their word.We are indeed grateful to them for their interest. Out of so many post-colonial Indian and Pakistani writers writing In English, what, In your pollen. Is special about Salsa Sahara as a remarkable fiction writer? Of the postcolonial writers it is only Indian writers who hog all limelight. The Resides, the Gosh, the Despise. The fact is a lot of new and interesting writing is e merging from unlikely places. From Pakistan, from Bangladesh. And whatever be the mage of Pakistan in the media, Western and Indian, an interesting thing is that a lot of new writers are emerging from Pakistan.Most of this writing Is very political which Is not surprising since Pakistan faces problems which are essentially of political nature. However, there are some writers who focus attention on issues of a different nature. Aquaria Sahara is one such writer. She has charted a different territory. Issues of identity-rural, regional, gender -are her basic concerns. How has she contributed to the discourse on the gender Issue with specific reference o Pakistani society, especially in view of her being based in the UK/West?Most writers maintain their link with their country of origin. Pakistan never disappeared from Aquaria Ashram's imaginative space. As a woman who has lived her life In two countries her writing is only enriched by her experience. The diasporas Identity has Its own advantages. In her case It Is not lack of something but rather the an open eye. In her work she shows the limitations of both Western and non-western feminism. Does Aquaria Sahara typify the Feminist perspective? She goes farther than that. She redefines feminism for Pakistani society.Call it Islamic feminism, Muslim feminism or by whatever name she does not mindlessly indulge in Islam and Muslim bashing which is the motif in lots of ,what has been called, oppressed women's novels. Her target is rather the agrarian system, some oppressive customs in Kinds and the subversion of Islam to serve one's own interest. What is Aquaria Ashram's attitude to patriarchy which is rife in Pakistani Culture? She has a very critical view of some patriarchal institutions. Some of her characters are self-consciously feminist. Professor Night Sultana, for instance.Even Karri Banjo's supposedly meek capitulation to a patriarchal institution can be read as a criticism of patriarchy. In this instance she shows both the power and the evil nature of patriarchy. What are your comments on Aquaria Ashram's understanding and depiction of Pakistani village life and Islamic culture? For a person who has mostly lived in cities Aquaria Sahara shows remarkable understanding of rural life. The character of Kanji, Skull's and Amanita bib' and others are products of rural set-up. While reading her novels I was myself transported back in time and place.I was thinking of a woman in Titular,( my native place in Attar Pradesh) who passed invitations by word of mouth, fixed matches and spread gossip in her own inimitable ways. I was reminded of the institution of village match maker, a task which is now done on the net. The close- knit community, oppressive customs, force of gossip, the distrust of the corrupting ways of the city-?these are all beautifully captured by Sierra's narrative, especially in Typhoon. Sierra's language is very different from other Indo-Anglican writers like Rushed, Koran Ide as Iranian Ideas for instance.Could you elucidate? Of course it is different room what Rushed calls citified English. Others have Jokingly referred to the fortification of English. Aquaria has her own share of non English words because she is translating an entire culture. Words like Zeta and Kismet add a richness to English vocabulary. I especially liked the papacy style of Sahara in Typhoon. It is her choice of words and English structures which is responsible for the leisurely pace of the Holy Woman and the fast and furious pace of Typhoon – the contrast in the pace of the two books is so remarkable.How do you think this volume of Critical Essays on Aquaria Ashram's craft will intricate to literature and cultural studies? I must confess that the multiplicity of perspectives offered by the contributors has far exceeded my initial understanding of her work. The contributors have analyses her work from all critical angles possible-? pedagogical. The varied backgrounds of the contributors-?British, American, Arab, African, German, Indian and Pakistani-?add some more dimensions to the critical discourse on Sahara.What are some of the main conclusions of the critical scholarship on Aquaria Ashram's work. This is certainly not the final word on Aquaria Ashram's work. It is Just the beginning. Other critics, most certainly students of literature, can take this work forward and explore ideas treated by the contributors to this volume. Some critical opinion quotes on Aquaria Ashram's work. China Aquaria Sahara, a Pakistani-born English writer and scriptwriter, is such a wonderful story teller that readers can hardly put her stories down once they begin them.Reading her works is like starting a Journey with her unforgettable characters to Pakistan and gaining a deep insight into their lives, in particular the poignant lives of Pakistani women. Living in the I-J since she was 9 years old, but deeply rooted in her own Pakistani culture, she bridges the understand ing between the East and the West. More importantly, through her excellent novels The Holy Woman and Typhoon, she clarifies many Westerns' stereotypical misconceptions about the Islamic cultures. I hope that Ms.Ashram's fascinating works will soon be introduced into China so that they will reach an even wider readership and arouse the academic interest among Chinese academia, also in view of the fact that China also has a large population of Muslims. Tinting Going, Associate Professor of English, Southwest University of Science and Technology( Managing) and translator of Holy Woman and Typhoon, China Germany My reading of Aquaria Ashram's The Holy Woman and Typhoon offered me my first real insight into the lives of women in Pakistani villages and into the types of story which symbolism rural and urban society in that country.It was a revelation and I read both books back to back. The Holy Woman in particular has rightly attracted global attention through its non-partisan portrayal o f the ambivalent relationship teen Islamic culture and Western consciousness as seen through the eyes of a woman. It is a very significant book indeed and Aquaria Ashram's is a voice of mediation which should be more widely heard. Robert Scrimshaw, KulturwissenschaftlichesKolleg, University of Constant, Germany. India transmutable.The migrant imagination produces texts that cross geographic, national, ethnic, and even linguistic boundaries and make connections with the past and the present. Aquaria Sahara who describes herself as a British Muslim of Pakistani origin retains her sensitive understanding of Pakistani society and culture, ND in living away from it, benefits from the distancing perspective which enables her in her fiction to nuance characters, situations and events; negotiate with history and memory; Juxtapose and examine old traditions and new sensibilities.She weaves flavors of life and the sense of living into the texture of her writing. Each of her stories becomes a metaphor for complex exploration of identity formations and self- definitions. In her remarkable novels The Holy Woman and Typhoon and in her short stories, fictive imagination and historical inscription blend significantly to produce reared texts that invite deep engagement and innovative strategies of reading. Tune Musketeer, Professor of Comparative Literature, University of Hydrated, India.Indonesia As a citizen of a country with the biggest Muslim population in the world, I found Aquaria Ashram's works as an eye opener about the diversity of the world Muslims. And I think I am not alone in this opinion, since we witnessed how her two novels, The Holy Woman and Typhoon got a very good response from the Indonesian readers–that's why we plan to republish the two in a product line that we call Gold Edition (novels).I do think that the Indonesian readers got the same enlightenment, that even when we are united as Muslims, we might grow on a different soil of culture that very much influences our interpretation about Islam. And because of that, we need more and more constructive dialogue, not only between the Muslim world and the West (non Muslim world), but also between world-Muslims itself – to bridge differences to gain understanding between cultures. Mrs..Payments Innings, Chief Executive Officer, Mizzen Publishing House – Indonesia Morocco Aquaria Sahara is a voice of light whose piercing scream faces the dark continent of ultra blindness and patriarchal and ideological manipulation. Her feminist writings vehemently uncover the weight of the patriarchal order in an ideologically- biased Pakistani Islamic context, unveil the misuse of Islam in depriving women of their human and sexual rights and, consequently, invite a complex post-colonial and post-harem critical perspective on women's predicaments in the Arab-Islamic sphere as a whole.Ashram's feminist commitment calls for an urgent re-consideration of sexual politics and women's invo lvement in dismantling various areas of masculine animation and building up a modern and gender-democratic Muslim society. Hosannas Cirri, Professor, School of Humanities, Pakistan Aquaria Sahara is one of the most important category English fiction writer of Pakistani origin. Her fiction writing has created its own distinctive place by virtue of its quality and relevance to the contemporary issues.She has an extraordinary skill of raising some delicate and fundamental questions related to women issues in general and in particular about those women who are struggling to discover their individual identity in a polarize world. She presents some important aspects of the infiltration of values between different civilizations through her powerfully conceived characters. Though her characters and setting may represent a certain class or section but her themes overwhelmingly remain universal and humanism formulates the basic fiber of her fiction.Karma Charisma Squid, Editor (English), Paki stan Academy of Letters, Islamabad, Pakistan Turkey The works of Aquaria Sahara, Actual Caddy (The Holy Woman) and Tiffany (Typhoon), have attracted attention with their striking themes and contemporary topics in Turkey. When Ms. Sahara visited our country in 2005 for *Istanbul Book Fair, I got the hence to know her better. I saw that although writers, scientists or intellectuals from the East live in the West, they don't lose touch with their own culture.Aquaria Sahara is one of those intellectuals, who has the ability and experience to interpret the East truly. She is a writer who can deftly read the East while she lives in the West. In this respect, I can say that her novels are important examples to be analyzed academically. Since they were published in our country at a time when discussions were ongoing on the theme of the clash of civilizations, they have also been reliable ND useful sources of information for those who interpret the West differently from the East.We hope that Ms. Sahara, who deserves to be praised in terms of her literary insight, will go on writing books which will take their place among Eastern Classics books with their insightful themes. Burk Fuzzy kabuki, Chief Editor Para Publishing House, Istanbul, Turkey Aquaria Ashram's writing, which has delighted and inspired readers all over the world for the past two decades, is finally receiving the scholarly attention it deserves.This exciting new collection of articles surveys the diverse range of themes and issues treated in Ashram's work – feudalism and modernity; female sexuality, romance and divorce; religious faith and the wearing of the veil; the Pakistani homeland and its Diaspora – and pays tribute to the emotional depth and moral complexity of her gathered from across the globe -? will be of especial interest to non-Muslim readers wishing to understand more about the historical and political context of Ashram's work.Just as Aquaria Ashram's writing has touched the l ives of many thousands of general readers around the world, so will this collection most surely win her new fans within the academic community. Lynn Pearce, Professor of Literary Theory and Women's Writing, Lancaster University, I-J United States of America I was caught by the drama, the romance, the traditions, the shibboleths and the descriptions of town, village, house and home in her novels The Holy Woman and Typhoon.I could see so well the settings and characters Aquaria Sahara described so vividly. She let me into and behind the scenes so far from those in western homes but still of common human interest. I hope to read the further adventures of her protagonists! Ann Nicholson, Radio Host/Producer, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

Individual Assignment Essay

Financial Concepts Guillermo Navallez is challenged with a market changes that have occurred over the past couple of years. With the economic environment created by the new competition and increase in labor costs, he will need to apply principles of finance to determine the best course of action to allow his furniture store to survive. After review and thoughtful consideration Guillermo decided to use the following to determine the best course of action: The Principle of Self-Interest Behavior, the Signaling Principle, and The Principle of Comparative Advantage. Using the behavioral based principles, economics and psychology can be integrated to help in the decision making process. Likewise, expertise can be the basis for choices made. The Principle of Self-Interested Behavior People generally, act in their own financial self-interest. The Principle of Self-Interested Behavior states that when all things are equal, parties involved will gravitate to the action that is most financially advantageous. A key concept with this principle is the idea of opportunity costs, or the difference between the value of one action and the value of best alternative (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). To maximize potential profits, Guillermo will want to review carefully the different options available. The development and review of anticipate financial results will help identify from a purely financial perspective. The Principle of Self-Interested Behavior would help Guillermo with his end decision, if his financial interest was the most important component. When considering his concern the effect that the decision will have on his family life, this principle will likely not be the guiding force in the decision he makes. The Signaling Principle The Signaling Principle is an extension of the Principle of Self-Interested Behavior (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). Decisions of one party in a financial market will provide signals to others. The old adage â€Å"actions speak louder than words† is a clear explanation of this principle (Garger, 2011). The actions of the competitors can play an important role in the decision making process. Guillermo understands that how others are handling the changes in the market can help him with his decision. He learns that many of his competitors are consolidating in to large organizations. The path taken by the others in the industry were not attractive to him. Guillermo saw that additional management reasonability and the forced retirements were not fitting to his lifestyle or personal financial expectations. The Signaling Principle would be a good practice for the foreign competition as they would benefit by understanding how others capitalized on the situation of the individual furniture makers left in the market. The Principle of Comparative Advantage Much like the very idea that the United States’ economic system is based, the Principle of Comparative Advantage stated that if people do what they do best, the most qualified people will be completing that type of work. One can pay another to do what they do best and vice versa. Foreign trade is based on this same idea. Some countries can produce goods more economically than others. By producing these goods and trading them with countries that can efficiently produce another needed good, everybody benefits (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). Through his research, Guillermo found a company that was still operating in exclusively in Norway, but was looking to distribute in the North America. Guillermo had connections with distributors and expert knowledge as to the furniture being sought after. By becoming a representative for the Norwegian company, he would work with the network he had developed to distribute their products. His company focus would change from primarily manufacturing to distribution. The Norwegian company would pay him for work he was extremely qualified to do, and they would make a majority of the furniture that would be sold. Both Guillermo and the furniture maker would win under of the Principle of Comparative Advantage. Conclusion Principles of finance can be very beneficial in making business decisions. They can deal with the competition in the economic environment, creating value and economic efficiency, and financial transactions.

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Drugs And Society - Assignment Example The paper gives an in-depth analysis of the areas stated above. Drug abuse is a complex disorder that is characterized by a compulsive need for drugs and alcohol even if it has negative effects. Antecedents can be defined as the factors that encourage an individual to engage in drug abuse. Some individuals use drugs to escape emotional stress or physical pain (NIDA, 2010). Risk of addiction is affected by many aspects including age or stage of development, sociological and biological factors. These factors increase an individual’s vulnerability to drug abuse. The biological factors are dictated upon by the genetic make up of an individual together with the environmental influences. NIDA (2010) stipulates that these factors account for fifty percent of vulnerability among individuals. Additional factors that fall under this category include ethnicity and gender as they may influence the risk for drug use and addiction. The environment has an impact on an individual since it affects the quality of life and the socioeconomic status (NIDA, 2010). Factors including peer pressure, stress, physical and social abuse and parental involvement affect a persons way of life making them more vulnerable to drug abuse. The environmental and genetic factors interact with developmental stages in a person’s life to affect the level of vulnerability. It is observed that if an individual starts using drugs at an early age, they are likely to advance to higher levels of addiction. Drug abuse in the adolescent years is quite dangerous since important development of the brain takes place at this stage. This affects their self control, decision making and judgment. Drug abuse affects society in multiple ways, the health and social costs associated with illicit use are staggering. The nation spends approximately $69.9 billion annually on health complications caused by

Employment Relations in the Innovative Electronics Case Study

Employment Relations in the Innovative Electronics - Case Study Example Subsequently, these problems affected diverse business areas within the company besides affecting the stakeholders. The customers could not get their needs and demands met by the products of Innovative and hence walked away. The parent company reduced resources to the subsidiaries, affecting the motivation and reward system negatively. The management structure and the policies that the senior managers used caused mistrust and cynicism and failed to address the problems of the company since coherence and teamwork were affected negatively. Innovative Electronics is a company that operates in Europe and produces sophisticated electronic control equipment used by other big companies in testing and measuring laboratory instruments, mobile phones, and chemicals. The Innovative business has experienced constant problems in the past five years, resulting in a patchy performance because of the economic turmoil that rocked the world’s market for some of its important products. This paper is an integrative case study analysis of Innovative electronics in which the problem is discussed, the case data analyzed, and the main problems facing the company identified and analyzed. In addition, recommendations are made to help improve the situation that the company is in, in future. The Innovative Electronics is experiencing poor and low performance in its business for the last five years because of the market depression for some of its main products. The company, which had been thriving on the power of technological innovations for its business success, is also facing increased threats from its new competitors in the market because of less innovative developments that can neither attract new customers nor retain the existing ones.

UtilityProbability Tree Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UtilityProbability Tree Analysis - Essay Example However, if these hostages are booby trapped, there is 80% chance that some or all of the hostages will be killed and only 20% chance that all of the hostages will be saved. Considering both events, we can clearly see that in any event our chances of saving hostages are less than 50%. This means that it is more likely that all of the hostages will not be saved and hence we should plan our excursion in a way as to minimize the losses and to see if it is worth undertaking an excursion where all hostages cannot be saved. We should look at other alternative and make sure that if there are better options available where there are brighter chances of saving the hostages than the current situation. If there are other means and methods available then we should focus on the option where there is a most likely chance of saving the hostages. However, if there is no other option available than this excursion is the best possible option, and our team should focus on minimizing the losses as much as possible.

An Honourable Policy Pursued by Honourable Men Essay Example for Free

An Honourable Policy Pursued by Honourable Men Essay When Neville Chamberlain came to power in 1937, he was left with the problems of Nazi Germany to deal with. Chamberlain stuck to a policy of appeasement, making peace in Europe his main aim. He went to new lengths to try and prevent war, such as flying to Germany and discuss problems in person (shuttle diplomacy) which had not been done before. For his efforts in trying to keep the peace, perhaps Chamberlain was an honourable man. However there were weaknesses to his approach, such as his arrogance in refusing to listen to his Foreign Secretary Eden, which may be important factors to why appeasement inevitably failed. If not honourable, then appeasement was certainly a logical policy to undergo initially. Not only was Great Britain economically unprepared for a war, but the vast majority of British people did not want another war. World War I was said to be the war to end all wars, so preventing another war was certainly a logical decision, perhaps even a moral one. At this time there was also unrest in the Far East involving Britains colonies. Britain was certainly not in the position to get involved in conflicts in the far east and in Europe. Neville Chamberlain said himself; war wins nothing, cures nothing, ends nothing, therefore appeasement seemed the most obvious solution. As a politician Chamberlain had his strengths. From the outset he never did trust Hitler or Mussolini, which means he was not totally unaware of their danger. Had Chamberlain made decisions involving Hitler or Mussolini without being aware of their aggressive natures, he would undoubtedly have been a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and somewhat stupid politician. However he was careful in his decision-making and made it clear how little he trusted Hitler. Chamberlain also surrounded himself with people he knew, and who supported his ideas. His original foreign secretary, Eden, did not agree with Chamberlains approach, and they did not get on. Chamberlain put his faith in someone he knew, Lord Halifax, to partake in diplomatic talks with Hitler in Germany instead of Eden. Although this was undermining Eden, it could be argued that without full support, a government is essentially weak. Having a weak government at this time would be just the thing Hitler would look for. Therefore Chamberlain was not wrong to ensure he had a team of people all working toward the same goal. Chamberlains Plan Z is definitely commendable, as it shows the lengths he went to, to work out Hitlers plans and try and keep the peace. Chamberlain flew to meet Hitler in Berchtesgaden which had not been done before in British politics. Hitler wanted to reclaim the Sudeten land, and Chamberlain agreed. Although some critics would view this as giving in and encouraging Hitler to make more demands, in the short term it was a good decision. Very few people were prepared to go to war over the Sudeten land, including France who even had an alliance with Czechoslovakia. The reality of it was that the Sudeten land was a predominantly German area, and had originally been part of Germany until the Treaty of Versailles. Most people living in the Sudation land actually wanted to be part of Germany again too. Therefore most people believed it was rightfully Germanys anyway, and giving the Sudeten land to Hitler was a far more logical decision than going to war over it. When Chamberlain returned from Germany after his third visit, he returned with a signed agreement saying that Germany and Britain did not want to go to war with one another again. At the time, Chamberlain was seen as a hero, and in the short term, he was, as he had managed to prevent war from breaking out again. Chamberlain stuck to his view on preventing war, despite making alliances which would suggest otherwise. Britains alliance with Poland can be seen as honourable as it was not only promising to protect Poland if it were to be invaded, but instead of encouraging war, it acted as a deter to Hitler. Although appeasement eventually failed, Neville Chamberlain was certainly honourable in his efforts to try and keep the peace in Europe. However, there were definite weaknesses to Chamberlains character and some of his actions. Although Chamberlain made clear how little he trusted Hitler, there were certain incidents which should have shown him that Hitler was unappeasable. Even before Chamberlain came to power, Hitler made clear he was more than a little untrustworthy when Eden in 1936, sent him a questionnaire asking him on his exact terms and demands in Europe, and Hitler never replied. Hitler and Mussolini later together helped in the Spanish Civil War to bomb certain cities, which would look more like practice for a later war as opposed to the actions of men interested in appeasement. In 1937, when Eden said that Germany could chose between co-operation and force, and should they choose co-operation there is nobody in this country that would not assist whole-heartedly to remove misunderstandings, Hitler replied This is not possible until Germany is treated equally. By equality Hitler probably meant scrapping all the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. This response shows that Hitler was not interested in peace, but fighting for what he wanted, which should have shown Chamberlain he was not interested in appeasement. Maybe this should have made Chamberlain realise that appeasement was a weak policy where Hitler was concerned. Perhaps the most alarming indication that Hitler was unappeasable was the fact that he signed the Munich agreement without reading it through thoroughly. Instead of making Chamberlain notice how insignificant this therefore made the Munich agreement, he returned to Britain as a hero. This makes Chamberlain seem much more of a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve politician than an honourable one. Instead of pursuing with appeasement when Hitler seemed less than dedicated to it, Chamberlain should have concentrated more on rearmament and gaining allies in preparation for a war which was imminent. Chamberlain was right to an extent to surround himself with people willing to work towards the same goals, and who believed in the same as him, as without this a government is essentially a weak one. However Chamberlain was not willing to listen to opinions of people that disagreed with his in any way. This is a weakness for any politician, as politicians need to work together and point out possible improvements in each others ideas. Chamberlain was not honourable in sidelining his foreign secretary Eden, as this was a sly move. Eden was interested in making allies, whereas Chamberlain was interested in lessening enemies. Instead of listening to each other and coming to a compromise, Chamberlain deliberately undermined Eden when he sent his close friend Lord Halifax to Germany for diplomatic talks with Hitler. Not only did he fail to consult Eden on this matter, but it was Edens job as a foreign secretary to have talks with Hitler, not Halifaxs. Halifax was more of a civil servant than a politician as were many of the men in Chamberlains cabinet. Halifax even failed to recognise Hitler when he met him. This was therefore not only a sly decision to make, but also a foolhardy one, which could have ended disastrously, as Halifax did not have the skills or knowledge that Eden had. This shows Chamberlain in a far less honourable light. Both Chamberlain and Eden showed how childish and unprofessional they were when they had a meeting with Grandi, and quite openly rowed to the extent that the following day, Eden resigned. If Chamberlain had any integrity he would have at least have spoken to Eden in private and tried to find a compromise. Showing a public display of discontentment within the British government could also have made Britain look weak, as so an easy target of Hitler and Mussolini. Chamberlain and Eden both wanted what they believed was best for Britain, however Chamberlain was arrogant in his refusal to listen to Edens professional opinion. As the two of them were unable to come to any agreement, this shows how stubborn they both were, or at least how arrogant Chamberlain was in not listening to his own foreign secretary and effectively forcing him out of office. Another foolish and somewhat arrogant decision Chamberlain made, was to refuse to partake in an international conference proposed by President Roosevelt of the USA. This conference was designed to try and solve the current problems and unrest in Europe. However Chamberlain believed the only thing that Britain could rely on from the USA was words. However Chamberlains response was instantly dismissive which could have proved dangerous as the USA was a strong ally to have. Chamberlain was against the idea of America taking the credit for solving the problems in Europe, which at this time was a rather childish attitude to take, as preventing a dictator from causing a second full-scale war was a far more pressing issue than a battle of reputations and pride. As Stanley Baldwin rightly said, Chamberlain had a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve confidence in his own judgement and powers or persuasion. This shows how Chamberlain was not entirely honourable. Many see. the policy of appeasement as a failure as Hitler seemed the character to fight for what he wanted, not have it given to him. Perhaps the policy of appeasement made him even more aggressive, as Hitler did not want to negotiate terms on land which he believed was rightfully his. Chamberlain seemed to go out of his way to accommodate Hitlers demands, which some believe encouraged Hitler to make new demands. Many believe the Munich agreement was a disaster, as Hitler could have been stopped if Britain had declared war in 1938. Chamberlain also failed to build a Grand Alliance between the USSR and USA. Hitler failed to take appeasement seriously, but nobody could be expected to when Chamberlain signed an alliance with Poland, as this shows even he was getting prepared for war. Appeasement was certainly an honourable policy to the extent that it was a moral and ethical one, as it was designed to prevent war. It is easy to use hindsight to discredit Chamberlains attempts, as war inevitably did break out in 1939. However he went to new lengths, such as shuttle diplomacy, to negotiate with Hitler, who was a difficult man to work with as Chamberlain admitted. Perhaps Hitler was always the stronger character and politician, who was determined to fight for his beliefs, not have things given to him, which could be why appeasement failed. However, Chamberlains attitude towards his foreign secretary Eden was incredibly arrogant. Had he worked with Eden, ensuring they built strong allies such as the USA, this could have deterred Hitler from declaring war. This shows how Chamberlain allowed pride and reputation to dictate his politics and diplomacy. Chamberlain gave Hitler too much leeway, and should have realised sooner that Hitler was not interested in appeasement, but war. Therefore he should have put more into rearmament and ally-building sooner. Chamberlain showed great honour in his determination to try and prevent war, and in essence appeasement was an honourable policy. However appeasement was obviously failing as Hitler made more and more demands, which somehow defeats its honour. Neville Chamberlain had serious flaws to his character and dealings with appeasement which too took away from his honour, as did his and Edens approaches toward each other. Therefore initially appeasement was honourable, as was Chamberlain for pursuing it, but both began to lose their honour when appeasement was obviously failing, and Chamberlain was leading through naivety and over-confidence in his own judgement and powers of persuasion.

Attributes of the employees

Attributes of the employees Attributes of the employees Employees are the most critical part of an organization as they provide their skills for an organizations operations and they are the one who can drag the organizational performance because of these reasons the employers wants to hire the people having the best attributes. In the following I have selected out the attributes of the employees valued by the employer through from different websites and different books also address the same attributes. 1. Communications Skills By far, the one skill mentioned most often by employers is the ability to listen, write, and speak effectively. Successful communication is critical in business. It saves time, minimizes mistakes reduces conflicts. 2. Analytical, Research Skills Deals with ability to assess a situation, seek multiple perspectives, gather more information if necessary, and identify key issues that need to be addressed. 3. Computer, Technical Literacy Almost all jobs now require some basic understanding of computer hardware and software, especially word processing, spreadsheets, printers, telephone and email. 4. Flexibility, Adaptability, Managing Multiple Priorities Deals with ability to manage multiple assignments and tasks, set priorities, and adapt to changing conditions and work assignments. 5. Interpersonal Abilities The ability to relate to co-workers, inspire others to participate, and mitigate conflict with co-workers is essential given the amount of time spent at work each day. 6. Leadership, Management Skills While there is some debate about whether leadership is something people are born with, these skills deal with ability to take charge and manage co-workers. 7. Multicultural Sensitivity, Awareness There is possibly no bigger issue in the workplace than diversity, and job-seekers must demonstrate a sensitivity and awareness to other people and cultures. 8. Planning, Organizing Deals with ability to design, plan, organize, and implement projects and tasks within an allotted timeframe. Also involves goal-setting. 9. Problem-Solving, Reasoning, Creativity Involves the ability to find solutions to problems using creativity, reasoning, and past experiences along with the available information and resources. 10. Teamwork Because so many jobs involve working in one or more work-groups, employee must have the ability to work with others in a professional manner while attempting to achieve a common goal. 11. Personal Values Employers Seek in Employees Of equal importance to skills are the values, personality traits, and personal characteristics that employers seek. 12. Honesty, Integrity, Morality Employers probably respect personal integrity more than any other value, especially in light of the many recent corporate scandals. 13. Dedication, Hard-Working, Work Ethic, Tenacity Employers seek job-seekers who love what they do and will keep at it until they solve the problem and get the job done. 14. Dependability, Reliability, Responsibility Theres no question that all employers desire employees who will arrive to work every day on time and ready to work, and who will take responsibility for their actions. 15. Loyalty Employers want employees who will have a strong devotion to the company even at times when the company is not necessarily loyal to its employees. 16. Positive Attitude, Motivation, Energy, Passion The job-seekers who get hired and the employees who get promoted are the ones with drive and passion and who demonstrate this enthusiasm through their words and actions. 17. Professionalism Deals with acting in a responsible and fair manner in all employeer personal and work activities, which is seen as a sign of maturity and self-confidence; avoid being petty. 18. Self-Confidence Look at it this way: if employee dont believe in employeerself, in employeer unique mix of skills, education, and abilities, why should a prospective employer? Be confident in employeerself and what employee can offer employers. 19. Self-Motivated, Ability to Work With Little or No Supervision While teamwork is always mentioned as an important skill, so is the ability to work independently, with minimal supervision. 20. Willingness to Learn No matter what employeer age, no matter how much experience employee has, employee should always be willing to learn a new skill or technique. Jobs are constantly changing and evolving, and employee must show an openness to grow and learn with that change. Different people have expressed different characteristics of the employees like Be on time, Be pleasant and helpful, Follow company standards, Go the extra mile, Commitment and attitude etc but more are less those attributes are covered in this document.

Health Education through Social Marketing

Health Education through Social Marketing Social Marketing According to the WHO, information and education provide the informed base for making choices. They are a necessary and core component of health promotion, which aims at increasing knowledge and disseminating information related to health. Health promotion is one of the most important components of health care and health education forms the core of such promotional activity. Health education is a process that informs, motivates and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate these goals and conducts professional research and training to the same end. Health education is any intentional activity which is designed to achieve health or illness related learning to bring about a relatively permanent change in an individual’s capability or disposition. There are different methods of health education. For small groups the usual methods employed for health education have been health talks, demonstrations, role plays, and the use of audio-visual aids. For the general public, the health education tools have conventionally been the television, the radio, the press, films, health magazines, posters, health exhibitions and health museums. Mass media is not very effective in changing human behavior because communication is usually one-way. If health education is provided, but the products or services necessary to change behavior are not easily available, then the value of the health education is lost. It is therefore important to provide cheap and reliable services along with behavior changing health education. For instance, if health e ducation brings about an awareness in a community that the occurrence of HIV/AIDS can be significantly reduced by use of condoms, this message alone is of no value if condoms or not readily available either because of an unaffordable price or because of a difficult location. Making available these services is therefore as important as making people aware of the benefits of the services. Health education is not a substitute to other health services, but it is needed to ensure the proper use of available services. If the behavior of the individual group or community can be the main cause of a health problem, then that same behavior can be altered to serve as the main solution as well. In the world of marketing and advertisement, it is often said that propaganda is one of the most powerful instruments in influencing people. Television, radio and the popular press have emerged as the most potent vehicles for propaganda. There are three widely accepted strategies of mass communication. The psychodynamic model depends on modifying cognitive factors to influence behaviour namely the needs, fears and attitudes of the individual. The socio –cultural strategy requires persuasive messages to define the rules of social behaviour for individuals or to redefine existing ones. This method is used widely by television commercials. The meaning construction approach works differently. It identified certain unintended influences on target audience that were undesirable. Meaning construction or modification of meanings which people assign to some product, person, cause or issue can also bring about change in behaviour. Methods traditionally used to deliver health products and services in developing countries often do not reach a large portion of the population, especially those at the lower end of the economic ladder. Overburdened public health systems generally do not have enough outlets and provide services that are often not valued by the consumer. Many studies have found that when people do not pay for a service – they are less likely to value and utilize it. Marketing health generally raises awareness and increases utilization rates. This has been effective in the case of diarrhea, malaria, undernutrition, vitamin deficiency, voluntary HIV counseling and testing and reproductive services. When people pay for these services, they tend to value it better. In social marketing, two concepts are important – the exchange theory and the four P’s of marketing namely the product, the price, the place and the promotion. The product is the behaviour, program or service exchanged for a price. The price is the cost to the target audience in terms of money, lifestyle and effort of engaging in that behaviour. The place is the outlet through which the product is available or the situations in which behaviour change can be made. Promotion is the combination of advertising, media relations, promotional events and entertainment to communicate with the target audience about the product The choice of a tool for health education depends on a variety of factors – the objectives, the target audience, the time constraints and the availability of resources. The concept of Social marketing was introduced by Kotler and Zaltman in 1971. Social marketing is defined as the design, implementation and control of programs which attempt to increase the acceptability of a social idea or practice, in a target group. Social marketing is the use of commercial marketing concepts and tools in programs designed to influence individuals’ behaviour to improve their wellbeing and that of society. It draws from diverse fields like economics, psychology and medicine. Social marketing is a new approach to very old human endeavours. Attempts have always been made to inform, influence and motivate people to reinforce positive behaviour or to modify risk taking behaviour. Traditional Educational programs are found to be more effective when the target groups are involved in the planning process and participatory approach has been found to increase uptake of health services. Many studies have been found to be limited in that the evaluation of health education programs is based more on distant outcomes like morbidity and mortality rather than attitude change. For a social marketing program to be effective, two different research approaches are required to obtain the best picture about the issue being addressed, the target audience and the effectiveness of the program. These methods are qualitative and quantitative research. Both these methods have their strengths and weaknesses when used in isolation, but complement each other when combined to produce the best research results. The research has to be consumer focussed – quantitatively to produce data that can be generalised for a larger target group and qualitatively to understand the nature of pe ople’s attitude and behaviour both to the health issue involved as well as to the health services provided to them. Social marketing is a process of continuing development and testing. It has borrowed many of its techniques like focus group discussions, consumer marketing databases and intercept surveys from commercial market research, the difference being that social marketing sells ‘public health’. Issues that have to be examined are what the consumers feel they have to know, how they would like to know this and what are the barriers to change potentially harmful behaviour. Before any new educational material is launched, prototype materials have to be pre-tested with consumer focus groups Social marketing has been used for health promotion in various fields like smoking, drinking, drug abuse, HIV/AIDS, breast cancer and mental ill health. Other issues like environmental pollution, education and human rights have been most effectively addressed by this process. Social marketing involves many different stake-holders – the funding agency requires outputs in terms of gains made and the target group gain the health outcome, but apart from these obvious stakeholders, there are many others involved in partnerships for the social marketing of health education. This partnership helps to maximise limited resources, promote consistent messages and also help to reach diverse audience thus maximising impact of the program. This has been shown to function well in the case of HIV/AIDS. A nationwide strategy has been organised by many developing countries. The funding agencies are international bodies that work in collaboration with local governments. Non governmental or charity organisations are identified and trained by an initial training workshop. These agencies then conduct focus group discussions and key informant interviews with those most likely to benefit from the health education program. These target groups could be those at high risk for HIV/AIDS due to sexual contact – women in prostitution, youth and adolescents. The groups are identified and their key concerns are discussed. Barriers to their seeking healthy behaviour are identified. The groups also discuss the best health education methods and techniques suitable for their unique situation. Concerns of time and place of the health education session are detailed. Target groups from conservative societies did not prefer being given in formation about HIV/AIDs in public places or in the presence of the opposite sex or their family members. They were more willing to listen to health messages that were non judgmental or coercive. All these suggestions are incorporated into the health education strategy. Along with the health education campaign, local and international agencies are involved to provide essential health services in the form of cheap but reliable condoms, doctors trained in counselling and diagnosing HIV/AIDS as well as reliable referral and treatment centres. A small sample is then identified and a pilot project is undertaken to do a field trial of the health education tools. Further changes are made as required and a large scale program is put into effect. Mid term participatory evaluation is conducted regularly using external evaluating agents to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of the high risk group. The other stakeholders are also involved in this evaluation to see how they could furth er improve their contribution to the health education and health seeking process. Thus the process is constantly evolving. At the end of the program, final evaluation is undertaken and the results are available for all the stake-holders. This serves as a learning lesson. During the final evaluation, issues of sustainability of the project are also addressed. This approach is very different from the regular health education sessions which are primarily a top-down approach and hardly participatory. The other example of social marketing being very effective is in the case of nutritional educational programs targeting teenagers. The food intake data in countries like Britain and America indicate that the intake of nutritious food like fruits, grains, vegetables and dairy products is low while intake of foods rich in sodium, saturated fats and sugars are high. Any large scale intervention to target the scale and magnitude of this problem requires an in-depth knowledge of the target population, their food sources, their barriers to seeking healthy foods, the methods of health education available and required as well as the available resources in terms of healthy foods. Volunteers in the adolescent age group are asked what benefits they associate with increased consumption of nutrient rich food, what factors prevent them from consuming these foods, how they prefer to learn about foods and nutrition. They are also asked questions about what they think would be a ‘cool’ advertisement for food, where they usually hang out and how they would market products to their own age groups. Many of the youngsters indicate that they like yoghurt, chocolate drinks and fruits but not vegetables. They also prefer foods that are convenient and familiar while increasing scholastic and physical performance. Some of the suggestions given by the teenagers included disguising the taste and appearance of less favoured foods and improving the taste of some foods by adding other foods. They also felt that the nutrient rich foods were less available as forms of snacks and more difficult to procure and prepare. The potential channels of delivery were posters, tele vision, computers, billboards, cooking shows and radio contests. They also preferred hands on experience of preparing foods. This then leads to the next step of social marketing of the health education program with focus on the placement, pricing and promotion of these nutrient rich foods. Traditional methods of health education do not take into account many of these issues. They may be outdated and ‘out of sync’ with the new generation which might most require the educational input. Repeating the same message over and over again amounts to ‘flogging a dead horse’ and is unlikely to have the desired outcome. The media can provide very strong and contradictory messages that can confuse the audience. Many television programs may re-inforce the message that drinking and smoking is a sign of maturity or that it is fashionable. Many of these commercial advertisements are televised following extensive Market research about what attracts and appeals to the audienc e. Beauty, style, health and being better than one’s peer group are important reasons for the target audience to choose certain products. This play on psychology can be adopted to improve the health seeking behaviour of the target groups. Social marketing combines the best elements of the traditional approach to social change using the latest advances in communication techniques and marketing strategy. Though public health educators do not sell products, they use similar marketing skills to understand the consumer’s knowledge, the barriers to changing risky behaviour and the best methods of communicating. Before any new educational campaign is launched, prototype materials are pretested with consumer focus groups. This provides vital information on how well the target audience understand the materials. This knowledge can be used to tailor the educational material to suit specific target groups. Charity organisations or other funding agencies contribute to subsidise the process to make it financially accessible and available for those marginalised groups that most need them. Some Primary Care Trusts had brought out videos for public screening on key health messages as envisaged in the White Paper. These videos were screened in busy shopping areas and a qualitative study was conducted to assess the impact of the video. No baseline research was conducted and the target group was not involved in the decision making process. The study found that many people found the video irritating and intrusive; some ignored it while others thought that it was a marketing gimmick. The suggestions given were that the video be screened in places where people are more likely to be relaxed like eating places. Many people also found the video clips to be boring and inconspicuous, the suggestion being to add more colour or cartoon characters. If all these suggestions had been initially obtained and incorporated into the making and presentation of the video, the impact would have been a lot more beneficial. Thus traditional health education strategies would do well to adopt the social marketing methods before they embark on any program of intervention. Thus health education is a constantly evolving process. It does not force people to modify their behaviours, but encourages them to make their own choices for health. Health education must acknowledge the experiences and requirements of target groups. Preventive health education goes a long way in improving health of societies and the benefits gained are many, but a poorly planned and executed health education program is a waste of money and resources. Public health would gain to learn from the acumen of the market that sells products purely for a commercial purpose. The ultimate goal is for the target to use the product. This is best achieved by using social marketing skills. Thus social marketing of health education ensures maximum output to bring about behaviour change in large groups of people. This behaviour change is the basic requirement to make people responsible and responsive to their own health needs and is the only way to bring about empowerment of people for their own he alth. References Gilbert GG and Sawyer RG 2nd Edition (2000) Health Education: Creative Strategies for School and Community Health. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Lefebvre RC and Flora JA (1988) Social Marketing and Public Health intervention Health Education Quarterly 15 299 – 315 Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Perry C, Casey MA (1999) Factors influencing food choices of adolescents. Findings from focus group discussions with adolescents Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99(8) 929 – 937 Vaughn S, Schumm JS and Sinagub J (1996) Focus group interviews in Education and Psychology Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications. Ghai OP and Gupta P (1999) ‘Essential Preventive Medicine: A clinical and applied Orientation’ Vikas Publishing House.

Buddhist Art in Japan Essay -- Art Artistic Arts Buddhist Buddhism Ess

Buddhist Art in Japan Buddhism had an important role in the development of Japanese art between the sixth and the sixteenth centuries. Buddhist art and religion came to Japan from China, with the arrival of a bronze Buddhist sculpture alongside the sutras. Buddhist art was encouraged by Crown Prince Taishi in the Suiko period in the sixth century and Emperor Shomu in the Nara period in the eighth century. In the early Heian period Buddhist art and architecture greatly influenced the traditional Shinto arts, and Buddhist painting became fashionable among the wealthy class. The Amida sect of Buddhism provided the basis for many artworks, such as the bronze Great Buddha at Kamakura in the thirteenth century. Many of the great artists during this Kamakura period were Buddhist monks, and Buddhist art became popular among the masses with scroll paintings, paintings used in worship and paintings of saints, hells and other religious themes. Under the Zen sect of Buddhism, portraiture of priests became popular. Ho wever, Zen had less use for religious images and by the mid sixteenth century most painting in Japan was of landscapes and secular themes. Buddhist art was introduced to Japan along with the Buddhist religion in 552 AD. Almost all the art produced in this Suiko period in Japan was to do with the new religion. "The introduction of the Buddhist faith had from the very start gone hand in hand with the introduction of Buddhist images." (Munsterberg 1985: 19) These Buddhist images included Chinese scrolls depicting the life of Buddha, at first copied by Chinese priests in Japan, later painted by the Japanese themselves. With the introduction of Buddhism, temples were needed for the practicing of the religion. This consisted of ... ...se Art Kodansha Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. Jarves, J (1984) A Glimpse at the Art of Japan Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, Japan. Kleiner, F.S., Mamiya, C.J., Tansey, R.G. (2001) Gardeners Art Through the Ages. Eleventh Edition, Harcourt College Publishers, Orlando, USA. Kobayashi, T. (1975) Nara Buddhist Art: Todai-ji. John Weatherhill Inc, NY, USA & Heibonasha, Tokyo Mizuno, S. (1974) Asuka Buddhist Art: Horyu-ji John Weatherhill Inc, NY, USA & Heibonasha, Tokyo Munsterberg, H. (1985) The Arts of Japan An Illustrated History Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, Japan. Reeve, J. (1990) Living Arts of Japan British Museum Publications Ltd. London, UK Stanley-Baker, J. (2000) Japanese Art Thames & Hudson, London, UK Smith, B. (1979) Japan A History in Art Gemini Smith Inc. Tokyo, Japan Tsuda, N. (1976) Handbook of Japanese Art Charles E. Tuttle, Rutland, Vermont, USA.

breastfeed or bottle-feed? Essay -- essays research papers

Is the mom going to breastfeed or bottle-feed? I must tell you that breast milk is usually best for your baby. -Each mother’s breast milk is made especially for their own newborn. It contains all the Vit., Min. & iron that your baby needs( where as bottle milk has as little as 5-10% of all vit., min., & iron that are used by your baby.) Breast milk also continues to chg. as your baby grows to meet the changing needs of your infant, no formula is capable of such a chg. Breast milk contains protecting agents to help insure your baby’s health, these agents (WBC’s and immunoglobins) help fight DZ and INF. Advantages of Breastfeeding (Disadvantages to bottle feeding): 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  promotes bonding between mom and infant, easily and quickly digested. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breastfed babies have fewer illnesses and faster recovery. The antibodies found in breast milk provide immunities that make it easier for a baby to fend off illnesses such as colds and ear infections. So not only do breastfed babies tend to get sick less often but when they do get sick, they get better faster then babies that are bottle fed. Pre-mature babies who get breast milk also have less GI problems 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast milk has long term health benefits for your baby. The positive effects of breastfeeding last well beyond babyhood. Studies show that babies breastfed for the first six months are 43% less likely to become obese as children, if breastfed for more then 1 year they are 72% less likely to be overweight. Breastfeed babies have a lower risk of HTN later in life, they also have a lower risk of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea later in life. Breastfeed babies also have an average of 8 to 10 IQ points higher then bottle-fed babies. Finally breastfed babies have a lower incidence of SID’s 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breastfeeding helps to take the pounds off after pregnancy. Producing breast milk requires 500 calories a day 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breastfeeding also helps benefit mom’s health. Some studies indicate that breastfeeding decreases or lowers a woman’s risk of pre-menopausal breast cancer. It also appears to protect against osteoporosis. 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast milk is inexpensive as opposed to bottle feeding which tends to run around $1400 to $1800 a year. 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &n... ...oiling, soaking in antibacterial solution (instructions are on the packet), or microwave bottle sterilizer. Store sterilized bottles in the refrigerator. Prepare the formula and shake thoroughly. Warm to room temp then give to baby 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feeding the baby – Cuddles and comfort are as important for your baby as feeding is, bottle fed baby’s can bond too. Cradling your baby in your arms is the best position. Never feed the baby while he or she is laying down! Problems while Breastfeeding: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sore nipples (usually during the first week) Check the latch on technique and position of the baby during feedings. You want to vary nursing positions. You can also use OTC lubricants or express a little milk or colostrum onto your nipples before and after nursing, gently pat dry (antibacterial qualities) In most cases sore or cracked nipples are no longer painful once good positioning and latch on are achieved. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast engorgement usually occurs in 2-3 days but is usually temporary and last only 3-7 days. For treatment and prevention wear a comfortable bra to support your breasts (no under wire at this time)

Prostate Cancer Life Experiences Health And Social Care Essay

Each twelvemonth in the UK around 10, 150 dice from prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. Prostate malignant neoplastic disease decease rates peaked in the early 1990s and have since fallen by around 20 % . Variation in incidence rates around the universe and within states, suggests that hazard is affected by ethnicity. In the UK, black Caribbean and black African work forces have about two to three times the hazard of being diagnosed or deceasing from prostate malignant neoplastic disease than white work forces, while Asiatic work forces by and large have a lower hazard than the national norm. The purpose of this systematic reappraisal is to set up what is meant by prostate malignant neoplastic disease and the life experiences of patients with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease undergoing intervention. To accomplish these aims, with the aid of the PIO formatted inquiry, research surveies will be searched from different databases, from specialist diaries, cyberspace, and gray literature, in-touch with writers and from manus seeking. With the aid of two research workers with a 3rd individual to cover with confliction sentiments, informations will be extracted from the published surveies, which will be themed and differentiated with colour codifications. It will be analyzed consequently with the aid of standardised signifiers. From this reappraisal, nurses will understand what prostate malignant neoplastic disease agencies and they will happen it easier to cover with these patients when they are faced with this sort of state of affairs.Chapter ONE: Background1.1 Specifyin g equivocal footingsThe prostate is a secretory organ in a adult male ‘s generative system. It makes and shops seminal fluid, a milky fluid that nourishes sperm. This fluid is released to organize portion of seeds. The prostate is about the size of a walnut. It is located below the urinary vesica and in forepart of the rectum. It surrounds the upper portion of the urethra, the tubing that empties piss from the vesica. If the prostate grows excessively big, the flow of urine can be slowed or stopped. To work decently, the prostate needs male endocrines ( androgens ) . Male endocrines are responsible for male sex features. The chief male endocrine is testosterone, which is made chiefly by the testiss. Some male endocrines are produced in little sums by the adrenal secretory organs. Prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a malignant tumour that arises in the prostate secretory organ. As with any malignant neoplastic disease, if it is advanced or left untreated in early phases, it may finally distribute through the blood and lymph fluid to other variety meats. Prostate malignant neoplastic disease occurs about entirely in work forces over age 40 and most frequently after age 50. Two-thirdss of prostate malignant neoplastic diseases are found in work forces over age 65. By age 70, approximately 65 % of work forces have at least microscopic grounds of prostate malignant neoplastic diseases. Fortunately, the malignant neoplastic disease is normally really slow growth and older work forces with the malignant neoplastic disease typically die of something else. As they do for most malignant neoplastic diseases, physicians use the TNM system of prostate malignant neoplastic disease phases. The prostate malignant neoplastic disease phases are described utilizing three different facets of tumour growing and spread. It ‘s called the TNM system for tumour, nodes, and metastasis. T stands for tumour ; it describes the size of the chief country of prostate malignant neoplastic disease. N stands for nodes ; it describes whether prostate malignant neoplastic disease has spread to any lymph nodes and to what extent. M stands for metastasis ; it means distant spread of prostate malignant neoplastic disease, for illustration, to the castanetss or liver. There are other ways of sorting prostate malignant neoplastic disease, such as the Gleason system. Sometimes, the TNM system and Gleason mark are combined together to depict prostate malignant neoplastic disease phase. In phase I, prostate malignant neoplastic disease is found in the prostate mere ly. Phase I prostate malignant neoplastic disease is microscopic ; it ca n't be felt on a digital rectal test ( DRE ) , and it is n't seen on imagination of the prostate. In phase II, the tumour has grown inside the prostate but has n't extended beyond it. Stage III prostate malignant neoplastic disease has spread outside the prostate, but merely hardly. Prostate malignant neoplastic disease in phase III may affect nearby tissues, like the seminal cysts. In phase IV, the malignant neoplastic disease has spread ( metastasized ) outside the prostate to other tissues. Stage IV prostate malignant neoplastic disease normally spreads to lymph nodes, the castanetss, liver, or lungs. Accurately placing the prostate malignant neoplastic disease phase is highly of import. Prostate malignant neoplastic disease phase helps find the optimum intervention, every bit good as forecast. For this ground, it ‘s deserving traveling through extended testing to acquire the right prostate malignant neoplastic disease phase.1.2 Types of prostate malignant neoplastic diseaseThere are many types of prostate malignant neoplastic disease and the status is frequently present in many different parts of the prostate. The precursor to prostate malignant neoplastic disease is known as prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, this is besides found in many different locations within the prostate. Although there are many different sorts of prostate malignant neoplastic disease the huge bulk ( around 95 % ) are of the type known as glandular cancer. As this is the most broad spread from it has become synonymous with the term prostrate malignant neoplastic disease.AdenocarcinomaThe most commo n site of beginning of prostate malignant neoplastic disease is in the peripheral zone ( the chief glandular zone of the prostate ) . The term glandular cancer can be split up to deduce its significance. Adeno means ‘pertaining to a secretory organ ‘ , whilst Carcinoma relates to a malignant neoplastic disease that develops in epithelial cells. The term epithelial merely relates to cells that surround organic structure variety meats or secretory organs. aldara and basal cell carcinomaSmall cell carcinomaThis sort of malignant neoplastic disease is made up of little unit of ammunition cells, and typically signifiers at nervus cells. Small cell carcinoma is really aggressive in nature and as it does non take to an addition in prostatic specific antigens it can be slightly harder to observe than adenocarcinoma ; this normally means that it has reached an advanced signifier upon sensing.Squamous cell carcinomaThis is a non glandular malignant neoplastic disease, like little cell carcinoma there is no addition in prostatic specific antigens when this is present. Squamous cell carcinoma is really aggressive in nature. There are other, more rare, signifiers of prostate malignant neoplastic disease these include sarcomas and transitional cell carcinoma ; the latter seldom develops in the prostate but derives from primary tumours present in the vesica or urethra.1.3 Symptoms and experiencesSymptomsThere are no warning marks or symptoms of early prostate malignant neoplastic disease. Once a malignant tumour causes the prostate secretory organ to swell significantly, or one time malignant neoplastic disease spreads beyond the prostate, the following symptoms may be present: A frequent demand to urinate, particularly at dark. Trouble get downing or halting the urinary watercourse. A weak or interrupted urinary watercourse. A painful or firing esthesis during micturition or interjection. Blood in piss or seeds. Lower back hurting Pain with intestine motion These are non symptoms of the malignant neoplastic disease itself. Alternatively, they are the symptoms of the obstruction from the malignant neoplastic disease growing within the prostate and environing tissues. Symptoms of advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease include: Dull, ceaseless deep hurting or stiffness in the pelvic girdle, lower back, ribs or upper thighs ; creaky hurting in the castanetss of those countries. Loss of weight and appetency, weariness, sickness, or emesis. Swelling of the lower appendagesExperiencesConfronting the world of malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing Taking an effectual portion in malignant neoplastic disease intervention Prolonging an optimistic spirit, prolonging physically, decreasing the impact of malignant neoplastic disease on others. The experiences of religious agony and the curative procedure among patient with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease.1.4 Gaps within literatureSystematic reappraisals aim to place, measure and sum up the findings of all relevant single surveies, thereby doing the available grounds more accessible to determination shapers ( Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2009, pv ) . In-order to acquire a concluding verification with this subject, a thorough hunt for any old reappraisals or any on-going reappraisals on this subject was searched from different resource centres. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( CDRS ) , which consists of the most dependable up-to-date systematic reappraisals, was searched as the first electronic database. Other resources such as nursing databases, specializer diaries the National research registry and Google bookman hunt was explored to see if any reappraisals, similar to this subject was in procedure or already commenced by any research worker.Chapter Two: AimSystematic reappraisals are sum-ups of all past research on a specific subject. Unlike the traditional attack to reexamining literature, systematic reappraisals utilise the same rules and asperity that is expected of primary research. As the name suggests, they are systematic in their attack and utilize methods that are pre-planned and documented in a systematic reappraisal protocol. The protocol fulfils the same function as a research proposal as each measure in the reappraisal procedure is to the full described ( The Joanna Briggs Institute for Evidence Based Nursing and Midwifery, 2001, An Introduction to Systematic Reviews Changing Practice Vol 2 Iss 1 ) . The systematic reappraisal on the other manus uses a really strict research methodological analysis to seek and restrict prejudice in all facets of the review- in this sense it is close to a primary research- such as a study, where the participants are non people but instead the documents included in the reappraisal. â€Å" Most significantly systematic reappraisals normally aim to reply a specific inquiry or trial a specific hypothesis, instead than merely summarizing â€Å" all there is to cognize † about a peculiar issue † ( Pettigrew and Roberts, 2006 ) or put another manner, â€Å" Systematic reappraisal represents the usage of a standardised indifferent method to synthesize informations from multiple primary surveies † .2.1 Developing a research inquiryAn effectual clinical inquiry for evidence-based nursing includes a concern that person else had studied, focuses on a concern that can be measured or described, and is a concern that is relevant to nursing ( Macnee and McCabe, 2008, p 6 ) . It helps to take the research worker in the way of right way, since the inquiry is based on a specific frame of constituents. These constituents include the population, intercession ( or exposures ) , and outcomes related to the job posed in the reappraisal ( Khalid et al 2009, p 9 ) .For this reappraisal, the PIO construction is used and this deciphers into the three fragments such as the population, issue and the result. The inquiry below is the devised one, after holding with the above considerations.â€Å" What are the life experiences of patient ‘s with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease undergoing intervention? †2.2 AimsTo understand the life experiences of patients with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease undergoing interventions. To do recommendations for nursing pattern in relation to acknowledging coverage and moving upon the study of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease patients.2.3 PlanThis reappraisal is planned to follow the five stairss mentioned below, guaranting the phases of EBN procedure: Develop a clear focussed inquiry to the country of personal involvement and will help to those in the line of work. With the aid of the disconnected inquiry, relevant literature will be searched in an effort to acquire an reply to the focussed inquiry. Critical assessment of the selected documents, to guarantee the quality of the surveies with the aid of checklists. Analyzing the documents in-depth, to come up with consequences and decisions which would act upon the up-to-date work in clinical scenes and a demand to alter for the improvement is let obvious. Finding the cogency and quality of this reappraisal through the taken findings, urging for farther researches and use the consequences within the profession.Chapter Three: CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERING STUDIES WITHIN REVIEWThe inquiry plays an of import function when it comes to seek for relevant documents. Using the formatted attack of the inquiry ; ‘who ‘ , when, what and where, will make a great trade to assist in the hunt for the best available grounds to acquire the reply to the inquiry ( Macnee and McCabe, 2008, p7 ) . Therefore, an inclusion and exclusion standards to the PIO structured inquiry was applied ; and principles provided for the divided classs.3.1 PopulationPatients with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease Based on the inquiry, patients who are diagnosed with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease were taken as the cardinal population group since this is the mark group which needs to be cared. Initially it was thought to unite grownups who are holding prostate malignant neoplastic disease. But on stab of scruples this age group to be smaller and since it is related to a really sensitive, so it was so decided to maintain fixed with patients merely. It will be besides considered to look into a specific prostate malignant neoplastic disease patient, but although sufficient researches were done on most of the common type of prostate malignant neoplastic disease, the aims of the reappraisal were difficult to be met. As a consequence, it was once more distinct to allow it be patients with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. The same manner, sex differentiating would besides hold meant to do a narrow literature hunt so merely one sex is included in this survey. Merely male patients are included because the reappraisal is on prostate malignant neoplastic disease. No hunt restrictions will be made upon race, ethnicity or faith sine this reappraisal is typically based on the sensitive subject such as prostate malignant neoplastic disease. Premises can non be made sing an person ‘s perceptual experience in relation to cultural, faith and cultural backgrounds ( McSherry, 2006, p 911 ) . Apart from that, this reappraisal might supply to be a valuable penetration to the clinical scenes of those with specific faith and civilization sing prostate malignant neoplastic disease patients.3.2 IssueTreatments Most of the aims in this reappraisal depend on the interventions and patient ‘s perceptual experiences. Furthermore, it will be looking loosely into all countries where interventions are concerned.3.3 Outcome stepsExperiences Since the focal purpose of this reappraisal is to garner patients life experiences or perceptual experiences, these will be gathered largely from the interviews and questionnaires used in the surveies. The result is based chiefly upon the elements in the undermentioned tabular array. Experiences Percepts Adaptations3.4 Types of surveies includedQualitative survey designs are used in the reappraisal since it was taking to happen the life experiences of patients with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. The common constituents of qualitative surveies such as grounded theory, phenomenology, descriptive anthropology and historical surveies will be included since this types look into the experient live of patients.3.5 Overview of exclusion standardsDepending on the research inquiry, the below mentioned classs are excluded from the hunt class. Childs Female Patients Disabled Patients Age & lt ; 30Quantitative surveiesChapter FOUR: Search SchemeThe literature will be searched in respect to the formed inquiry and the formatted divisions it consists to the footings population, issue and the results, including the specifically developed exclusion standards. Types of surveies which will be included were mentioned in the old chapter. The literature hunt will be searched in a systematical manner guaranting non to exclude any of import survey sing the subject. It will be done following measure by measure method as in Evidence Based Nursing ( EBN ) which is explained as it ‘s processed.4.1 Step one and two ( Development of research Question and placing cardinal words )This is the measure, where the research inquiry is developed. The research inquiry is so explicitly divided harmonizing to structured PIO format. The Question is: â€Å" What are the life experiences of patient ‘s with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease undergoing intervention? † The tabular array below shows the PIO format in which the inquiry was formatted: Phosphorus I Oxygen Patients with Prostate malignant neoplastic disease Treatments Life Experiences4.2 Making equivalent word for cardinal wordsThe above measure identified the cardinal words. Synonyms are made for the key footings, which will heighten the sensitiveness of the hunt increasing the ability to capture a big part of the relevant surveies ( Khalid et al, 2009, p 24 ) . It was difficult to happen the equivalent word related to the cardinal words. However, as mentioned by Khalid et Al ( 2009 ) , the mesh-like footings were easy to happen from the indexing of some relevant surveies ( largely found from the abstract ) , and with the aid of synonym finder of the computing machine. Below table demonstrates the equivalent word for the formatted inquiry. Population ( P ) Issue ( I ) Outcomes ( O ) Patients with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease Treatments Life Experiences Prostate carcinoma Treatments Adaptations Prostate tumor Treatments Percepts4.3 Step four, five and six ( uniting equivalent word with Boolean operators )The equivalent word made in the old tabular array is used to organize a grid, which will be combined to the footings ‘OR ‘ and ‘AND ‘ of the Boolean operators. The purpose of this symbols or wild cards will assist to acquire a wider hunt but within the needful class restricting the unwanted ( Littell et al, 2008 ) the word ‘OR ‘ would unite all the words and footings capturing a constituent of the inquiry giving a big commendation set for each constituent that was searched for ( Khalid et al, 2009, p 26 ) . Then this will be combined with the Boolean ‘AND ‘ to bring forth a set which contains commendations relevant to all the assorted constituents of the inquiry ( Khalid et al, 2009, p 26 ) . This procedure is demonstrated in the tabular array 4.31 below. Table 4.3.1 Combination of cardinal words with Boolean operators Search scheme and database hunt CINAHL Sequence 1 Population/ Patients Sequence 2 Intervention/ Issue Sequence 3 Results Boolean operators AND AND AND OR Prostate malignant neoplastic disease Treatments Experiences OR Patients with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease Treatments Life Experiences OR Prostate carcinoma Treatments Adaptations OR Prostate tumor Treatments Percepts These Boolean operators combined with the cardinal words, is of import to be run electronically with multi databases for a more comprehensive sum-up of the literature ( Littell et al, 2008, p 55 ) . However, the databases relevant for one subject might non be utile for another, since the pick of seeking a relevant database depends on the subject chosen. Therefore, the searching databases will be: Accumulative index to nursing and allied wellness literature ( CINAHL ) Medline Ovid EMBASE British Nursing Index Allied and Complementary Medicine ( AMED ) PsycINFO Apart from the databases, seeking for relevant documents will be done by reading the mention list, cyberspace searching, specialist diary, gray literature, manus searching and besides with in touch with the writers of some research documents merely to see the handiness of unpublished work.Chapter FIVE: Method OF REVIEWThis chapter consists of three subdivisions which would be clarified in item as it is being processed. The stairss include, choice of the documents, measuring of the documents and pull outing the relevant informations which is needed to reply the inquiry. Since research worker prejudice, deficiency of asperity and demand for appraised quality is frequently perplexing with the qualitative documents ( Dixon-woods, 2001, p 765 ) a 2nd research worker will be involved throughout these phases. Suppose if any dissensions or sentiment difference occur, a 3rd party will be included to increase the asperity of the reappraisal. Final determination will be done after coming to an understanding between the three research workers.5.1 Part one- procedure of choosing surveies for the inclusion within the reappraisalThe antecedently made inclusion and exclusion standards will be used as a pilot one and alterations will be made consequently once the existent choice is carried out. Concluding inclusion and exclusion will be done after scrutiny of the full book. However, the tabular array 5.1.2 shows the checklist signifier, which will be used in the choice procedure. Inclusion standards Exclusion standards Population Male patients Age & gt ; 30 Experiencing Prostate malignant neoplastic disease Female patients Disabled Patients Children Age & lt ; 30 Intervention Treatments Results Experiences Percepts Adaptations Type of surveies Qualitative research design Case surveies Review papers Quantitative studyTable 5.1.1Checklist signifier demoing the inclusion and exclusion standards During the first choice, merely the rubrics and abstracts of all articles retrieved from the hunt will be screened with the aid of the signifier. The tabular array below is the sample checklist which will be used as a showing during this phase. It will be ticked as ‘Yes ‘ , ‘No ‘ or ‘Unsure ‘ , after traveling through with each phase of the paper with the aid of the 2nd research worker to keep its asperity. Table 5.1.2 Checklist for the first choice of documents based on rubric and abstract only/Bibliographic inside informations of paper ( Abstract and rubric ) Abstract NO Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 Paper 5 Paper 6 Paper 7 Paper 8 Paper 9 Paper 10 P= Patients with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease I= Treatments O= Life Experiences Qualitative survey Action Include/exclude? ACTION-Rationale: Y=Yes: Fits standards N=No: Does non suit the standards U=Unsure: Read paperMeasure twoAs in the first choice, the 2nd choice besides will utilize the same technique with the same checklist. However, as mentioned before a 3rd party will be involved if any uncertainness arises among the pickers, to guarantee a just choice heightening the cogency and quality of the documents. In this choice, the documents which had been filtered through the first choice will be more thoroughly read largely with the full text and restrictions will be done consequently with the checklist used as mentioned above with the aid of the research workers.5.2 Part two- Assessment of the methodological quality of the selected documentsAppraisal of survey quality gives an indicant of the strength of grounds provided by the reappraisal, inform the criterion required for the hereafter research, and reply the inquiry whether the surveies are robust plenty to steer intervention, diagnostic or policy determinations ( Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2009, p 33 ) . Although assorted tools are available for quality appraisal, the usage of McMaster ‘s qualitative model was thought to be the best. McMaster ‘s model assures to hold the cogency of the conducted research by giving a rational for each and every component of the survey with the needful accounts, therefore offering an efficient frame work for qualitative critical reappraisals ( Letts et al, 2007 ) . A clean transcript of the signifier is provided in the Appendix. This signifier will be used to mensurate the quality of the chosen documents and it will be used to review all the documents in this reappraisal. The quality of this reappraisal will be carried harmonizing to the elements to derive trustiness in qualitative research such as credibleness, transferability, dependableness, confirmability and as besides triangulation which is known to cover multiple beginnings to derive the cogency. These will be run in visible radiation to the McMaster ‘s model. Each component will be individually explored to set up the differences and similarities with in the documents. The advantage of utilizing McMaster ‘s model is, it consist the guidelines of how to make full up the signifier which is convenient and utile for a novice research worker. A clean transcript of the signifier is attached in Appendix.5.3 Part three- Data Extraction StrategyThe consequence of the reappraisal depen ds on the extraction of the information from the primary documents searched. This means taking the relevant information which will reply to the inquiry. This is considered to be an of import measure in methodological analysis, since it has to keep the accurateness of the information every bit good. The extracted informations will be involved with the PIO elements which would largely look out for the Outcomes of it. And this will be helped with the consistent informations extraction signifier which will guarantee to maintain up the cogency. For the intra and inter-rater dependability, the two research workers will be pull outing informations from the included surveies and cross checking of the informations included in the tests with a 3rd research worker at manus to work out the originating struggles between them. Harmonizing to the PIO formatted construction, apart from roll uping information on population and Issue, since the result is the changing portion, colour codifications will be given to each result as subjects. Subjects are differentiated harmonizing to given subheadings, which will assist to maintain the order and evade confusions. Table 5.3.1 shows the informations extraction signifier which will be used for the reappraisal. Table 5.3.1 Data extraction signifier Date of informations extraction- Reviewer- Bibliographic inside informations of study- Purpose of study- Population- Sample selection- Number- Age-mean- Ethnicity- Religious activity- Type of disease/ disease condition- Issue- prostate malignant neoplastic disease Outcomes- Patients perceptual experience on the effects of treatments- blue Patients experiences on the condition- pink Patients identified factors lending to prostate cancer- ruddy With the aid of the above mentioned signifiers, this reappraisal will be conducted in an indifferent method guaranting the trustiness of it.