How First Solar Company Can Use Motivations for Its Multinational Business Free Essay Example, 3250 words

The author of the paper states that First Solar is a fast-growing energy technology company that operates in many countries across the globe. The business was established by McMaster Harold in 1948. The corporation relies deeply on the marketing strategy of existing subsidies, as the only means for contributing to increased industrial investments. Subsidies reduce the costs of solar and increase competitiveness in relation to conventional generation. The first solar employs a business model and it focuses on a narrow value chain with the aim of benefiting from specialization. The vertical integration in the First Solar Company enabled them to enter into the new market in the United States. The downstream integration enabled them to achieve sustainable and long-term competitive advantage in the global market. Integration also enabled the company to compete with other favorably and eliminated the marginalization issues associated with the solar industry. First Solar employs also the business context of competition and technology in order to improve their business performance. First, the company employed technology that possessed varied inherent features that made the company suitable for photovoltaic deployment. They evaluated and employed new technology with hin the solar industry; thus, it had to perform varied functions. We will write a custom essay sample on How First Solar Company Can Use Motivations for Its Multinational Business or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Doctrine of Successor Liability and the Drift Towards the Assumption of Liability - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2534 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Doctrine of Successor Liability: Tracing the drift from the `Traditional non-liability rule to `assumption of liability through judicial precedents AbstractTraditional corporate law has been applied over the years to deal with the liabilities arisen after one companys acquires another company The general rule says that an acquiring corporation doesnt assume any liabilities of the predecessor corporation. The courts over the years have evolved this traditional stance and laid down exceptions, making the successor corporations assume such liabilities. This paper has tried to trace and outline the diversion from the traditional rule of non-liability to the assumption of liabilities by the successor corporations. There are four exceptions to this general non-liability rule which shall be explained in detail with progressing contentions in the research paper. The non liability principle creates hurdles in seeking remedy for the injured. The claimant might lose an y right to damages if he fails to recover from the successor corporation. The liability can even be fixed in environmental issues, where companies will be fixed with `superfund liability and made to cleanup the environment. This principle of fixing liability on the successor corporation in various areas is known as `Doctrine of Successor Liability. This doctrine attempts to bridge the gap between general rule of no-liability and tortious liability. However, the doctrine also safeguards the interest of the successor corporation from assuming any liability for tort committed by the predecessor. This paper evaluates this doctrine through numerous case laws of multiple jurisdictions, with an insight from different governing statutes as well. IntroductionDoctrine of successor liability is a relatively new and evolving field of Jurisprudence. Legal systems around the world largely rely on common law in the area of application this doctrine. A `successor is defined as 1. A person wh o succeeds to the office, rights, responsibilities, or place of another; who replaces or follows a predecessor.2. A corporation that, through amalgamation, consolidation, or other assumption of interests, is vested the rights and duties of an earlier corporation.The Restatement of Tort (3rd.) (2000) Chapter 3 outlines the Libaility of Successor Manufacturers Whether a successor can be liable for defective product sold the predecessor is decided generally by traditional corporate law emphasizes on the type of corporate acquisition between the two corporations. A cash purchase of the predecessors assets, instead of a merger or a stock purchase will attract traditional corporate laws, which holds that the successor will not be liable.There are three ways through which a transfer can be done: (a) by statutory merger or consolidation; (b) through the purchase of the stock of a target corporation; and (c) through the purchase of assets of the target corporation. The traditionally, law of corporations governing the liability of a successor corporation is affirmed in many cases. Ifone corporation sells its assets to another corporation,then the later isnt tortiously liable for the formers conduct. This principle is contended by many courts. Its purpose is to prevent the successor corporations of any liability that arises. It can be traced to the notion that the law does not force the purchaser to assume such liability. American jurisdictions also weave around the general notion that a successorcorporation, which acquires the assets of another company,wont be legally responsible for the actions of its predecessor. Successor liability rule in New York holds that a purchaser is not liable for its sellers liabilities except where there is an express agreement between them governing otherwise. The New York Supreme Court also affirmed the already existing general rule. The logic seems equally applicable as the general rule regarding successor liability is well settled that a corporation does not assume its predecessors liabilities automatically.ExceptionsThere are four recognized exceptions to the general rule. First is applicable where the buyer agrees to assume, expressly or implicitly, the debts and liabilities. The second applies to the transaction where there isconsolidation or merger of the seller and purchaser. Thethird exception is attracted when the successor corporation is merely a continuation of the predecessor corporation. The fourth exception applies to a colorable transaction which is entered in order to defraud the creditors or the shareholders of the seller corporation. The courts over the years have developed thesefour exceptions to the general rule of non-liability forassetpurchasers. Theseexceptions are made with a purpose to ensure that corporations dont evade their liabilities through the use of transactional technicalities.Under the traditional approach, asset purchasers will be considered corporate successo rs if one of the following applies: Assumption- The purchaser expressly or impliedly agrees to assume the liabilities of the seller. The court has noted that an asset sale agreement amounts to a simple transfer, which establishes that the successor didnt attain any liabilities because the identity of the predecessor was not used, nor was any of supervisors hired by the successor. The Court thus held that the buyer did not assume any liabilities of the predecessor, neither expressly nor impliedly. Under the asset purchase agreement, the purchaser did not assume any of the liabilities of the seller, because of a similar reason. In addition, Minnesota Business Corporations Act mandates the presence of a provision in a contract or an agreement to hold the transferee liable. Now in case a situation arises where the language of such a provision in the agreement or a contract is found to be unclear or ambiguous, the courts assume that there is an implied liability on the buyer the fo r defective products, if any. Thus to avoid such discrepancies involving assumption of liabilities, it is best if such an agreement unequivocally states that there is no assumption of future products liability.De Facto Merger- The transaction amounts toa de factomerger or consolidation if the corporation assumes the liability of its predecessor. The important concept in this exception is not the continuation of the business operation but the continuation of the corporate entity. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department, in Van Nocker v. A.W. Chesteron, Co discussed the second successor liability exception. The court notes that asset purchases can be said to be a de-facto mergers if it includes the following four factors:(i) continuation of ownership arising from the use of the successors stock as payment rather than the use of cash(ii) after the transaction the predecessor dissolves as soon as possible,(iii) the buyer assumes liabilities necessary to c ontinue the business of the seller and;(iv) the buyer continues the using predecessors enterprise.The Court in Van Nocker v. A.W. Chesteron, Co. further explained that all of these factors may not be necessarily needed to prove a de-facto merger but presence of the first two is required. It also said that continuity of ownership exists ifthe shareholders of the predecessor corporation become direct or indirect shareholders of thebuyer. Continuity of ownership is a situation where the parties to the transaction become owners together of what formerly belonged to each.b The Van Nocker Court, failing to find either of the first two elements refused to evaluate the other factors. The Fourth Department of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, while determining whether a transaction satisfied the prerequisites of a de-facto merger, held that [w]hile factors such as shareholder and management continuity will be evidence that a de facto merger has occurred, those factors al oneshall not be determinative. The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York examined the continuity of ownership element of de facto merger stated, [T]he de-facto merger doctrine creates successor liability when the transaction between the purchasing and selling companies is in substance, if not in form, a merger. The court further stated that the factors should be considered in a flexible manner and question the crux that whether it was the intent of the successor to absorb and continue the operation of the predecessor. It maintained `continuity of ownership as one of the pivotal requirements for a de facto merger. About the fourth factor the court stated that sheer hiring of employees of the seller was insufficient to conclude that there was continuity of management. In Kretzmer v. Firesafe Prods. Corp. the attorney had switched employers and brought along a secretary, an associate, and some cases, the Court held that such an instance didnt amount to a mer ger or consolidation and thus there wasnt a de facto merger. Hence, while dealing with the de facto merger exception, continuity of enterprise or ownership is considered prior to the tree other factors. Mere Continuation: If the corporation has the same shareholders, directors and officers, it will be eligible for this exception. In the Seventh Jud. Dist. the Court said that mere continuation is a type of restructure in which one entity gets dissolved and another survives. The dissolution should take place as soon as possible, but in this case the seller was not dissolved for more than a year, so the Court held it to be out of the ambit of mere continuation exception. In other jurisdictions this exception requires continuity of owners and/or directors. This exception is problematic of application because it has never been quite clear just in what sense a corporation must continue in order to trigger the exception.4. Fraudulent- The transaction was fraudulently entered into to escape liability. The New York courts have laid their emphasis on many fraudulent transactions but have not provided any exceptions for the same. If the creditors of the seller are being defrauded by the transaction, then also it will fall under this exception, Few of the instance can be; if the predecessor corporation holds the possession of the property but doesnt actually own it, making its creditors believe that it still owns the property, if the proceeds of the sale are sent away, and if the property is sold for an insufficient amount to an acquaintance. The malafied intention to defraud has to be proven including those jurisdictions that have adopted the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act.While as other jurisdictions presume such an intention. In situations like these, both the seller as well as the buyer can be held liable.The Continuity of Enterprise Exception.In 1983 Salvativ. Blaw-Knox Food Chemical Equipment, Inc., NewYorks Court of Appeals recognized Continuity o f Enterprise exception, it defined it as a part of corporate reorganization, The Supreme Court of Queens County later explained that the this theory was originally introduced by the Supreme Court of Michigan in Turner v. Bituminous Cas. Co. Salvati noted the Michigan Courts rationale, that it to be unjust to allow the successor to avoid liability Salvati set forth the Michigan courts three criteria test, such continuity would be there if: there wasa continuation of the enterprise of the seller;the predecessor dissolved promptly after the transaction, and the buyer assumed liabilities and obligations of the seller. Salvati accepted the logic put forward in the case of Turner. So the tests laid down by Turner and later reiterated in Salvati are similar to the factors laid down in Van Nocker. The Michigan Supreme Court extended the de facto merger doctrine by eliminating the continuity of shareholder requirement and applying that exception to cash transactions. Product Line Excep tion.In 1977, the California Supreme Court created the product line exception. The Court said: We therefore, conclude that a party which acquires a manufacturing business and continues the output of its line of products under the circumstances here presented assumes strict tort liability for defects in units of the same product line previously manufactured and distributed by the entity from which the business was acquired. Anything to the contrary in Ortiz v. South Bend Lathe, supra, 46 Cal.App.3d 842, or Schwartz v. McGraw-Edison Co., supra, 14 Cal.App.3d 767 (see fn. 6, ante) is disapproved Different jurisdictions have different stands on the product liability exception. In Hickman v. Thomas C. Thompson both the buyer and the seller corporations were of Illinois, the buyer had bought the assets of the seller corporation. Later a resident of Colorado was injured by a product manufactured by this Illinois corporation. There was an arms length agreement, for the purchase of as sets, signed and executed in Illinois. In Illinois the product line exception doesnt hold good. The district court opined that: 1) successor liability is a tort claim, and not a contract claim; 2) As the injury occurred in Colorado so the Colorado law applies; and 3) The Product line exception would be accepted by the Courts. Hickman courts view was dissented in the Tenth Circuit in Florom v. Elliott Mfg., and held that Colorado would reject the product line exception. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation Liability Act and Successor LiabilityCERCLASuccessor corporations are liable the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Thesubstantial continuity test under CERCLA is a continuation successor liability under any other asset purchase. The same general rule of non-liability and the exceptions to it are also applicable in case of successor liability under CERCLA. Many courts have included corporate successors liability w hile interpreting the act. In United States v Bestfoods, the Supreme Court did not make this aspect of superfund liability redundant and kept the substantial continuity test alive in CERLA as well. The Court has laid down CERCLAs purpose as: CERCLAs primary purpose is remedial: to clean up hazardous waste sites. . . . Because it is remedial statute, CERCLA must be construed liberally to effectuate its two primary goals: (1) enabling the EPA to respond efficiently expeditiously to toxic spills, and (2) holding those parties responsible for the release liable for the costs of the cleanup. In that way, envisioned the EPAs costs would be recouped, the Superfund preserved, and the taxpayers not required to shoulder the financial burden of nationwide cleanup. There are various factors which the courts apply while deciding whether a successor corporation should assume any liability Courts applying the substantial continuity test consider a range of factors to determine whether the buyer has substantially continued the predecessors enterprise these include; if any successor corporation continues retaining the following:same employees;same supervisors;same name;same production or service line;same production facilities;continuation of same assets;general business; andwhether the buyer continues the predecessors enterprise. It isnt necessary that a corporation should fulfill all these criteria for it to assume liability of the predecessor. In New York v. Westwood-Squibb Pharm Co. the court held liable the asset purchaser corporation when it satisfied six of the eight factors. CERCLAs purposes and principles of corporate successor liability are both in harmony with the substantial continuity test. However, there are discrepancies that may arise; e.g., sec. 113(f of CERLAprovides PRPs with a statutory right of contribution. 42 U.S.C. 9613(f)(1). Sec.113(f)(2) says that if PRPs enter into settlements with the federal government, it resolves its liability.Con clusionThe general rule of non-liability says that a successor corporation will not assume the liabilities of the predecessor corporation for defective products sold by the predecessor. But the courts over the years have developed principles holding the successor liable. The rift between the liability law and general non-liability corporate law has led to the evolution of such rules by the courts. Mere continuation, de facto merger and the product line doctrines broaden and specify the areas for fixing of liability. These rules have also firmed protection against colourable intent of corporations to avoid liability. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Doctrine of Successor Liability and the Drift Towards the Assumption of Liability" essay for you Create order

Tobacco And Its Effect On Society - 831 Words

Introduction Tobacco or cigarette is a classical issue in the world. There is no exact evidence that states when did the smoking behaviour actually was started. However, according to cancercouncil.com.au (n.d.), tobacco plants have grown in the wild for nearly 8000 years, and people have started chewing and smoking tobacco since 2000 years ago. Today, based on (tobaccoatlas.org (n.d.)) almost 20 per cent of adult world population that consist of around 800 million males and 200 million females smoke cigarette. Even though the percentage of smoking adults continuously decrease in the last five decades, tobacco products killed nearly 6 million people in 2011 and 50 million people in the last decade. Moreover, tobacco use is predicted will cause around 1 billion deaths in 21st century. Regardless of the facts above, cigarette is still an interesting issue to be explored because of its two-side effects. 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The Importance of Site Investigation - 4432 Words

Contents 01. – The importance of site investigation Page 2 – 4 1.02 – Trial Pits Page 4 1.03 – Auger holes Page 4 – 5 1.04 – Boreholes Page 5 – 7 1.05 – Soil sampling Page 7 1.06 – In-situ testing Page 8 1.07 – Quasi-static cone penetration testing Page 8 – 9 1.08 – Dynamic probing Page 10 1.09 – The Standard Penetration Test Page 11 1.10 – Field vane test Page 12 1.11 – Classifications of Soils Page 13 1.12 – Size range of grains Page 13 – 14 2.00 – Walk over survey Report Page 15 – 19 2.01 – Summary Page 19 – 20 Appendix ‘A‘ Walk over site drawing Page 21 Appendix ‘B’ Site photos and Site Position Page 22 1.01 -The importance of site investigations Any site investigations†¦show more content†¦They are never routine. On each site, the process is tailored to the specific project and the specific ground conditions. Ground investigations classify the soils beneath the site into broad groups: each group contains soils with similar engineering behaviour. The simplest classification used by engineers divides the ground into five categories: rock, granular soil (e.g. sands or gravels), cohesive soil (e.g. clays), organic soil (e.g. peats) and fill or made ground. From the desk top survey we have found out that the Dagenham area is made up of London clay Clay can be recognised as being smooth and silky to touch with no grains visible to the naked eye. It may also contain silt sized particles (barely visible to the naked eye) together with sand (which will be visible and would give a grittier feel). In general the finer the soil is (more clay particle and less silt or sand sized particles), the greater its shrinkage potential. Ideally, a suitable site investigation should be undertaken to determine the nature and condition of the underlying clay soil. 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The Hunger Games Mockingjay - 1116 Words

YASHA’S BOOK REPORT- THE HUNGER GAMES: MOCKINGJAY PLOT ‘THE HUNGER GAMES: MOCKINGJAY’ takes place several months since the last outing, Catching Fire. Seventeen year old Katniss Everdeen has survived The Hunger Games twice, but along with her outstanding victory, which bewildered The Capitol’s devious Gamemakers. There were consequences. The infuriated president of Panem, President Snow, didn’t see actions taking place in order to eliminate Katniss, which was his bidding. Therefore, he plans to get his revenge by spreading chaos across Panem, until Katniss’ world has been reduced to rubble. So, in an act of fighting back, Katniss must become Panem’s Mockingjay, the symbol of rebellion against the Capitol, no matter what the personal cost. CHARACTERS Katniss Everdeen- A girl who never wanted a life in the Games, she only stepped up to save her sister, Prim, as well as keep her mother alive. 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Picture you are moving to Antarctica, away from people, friends, extended family, warmth, life, entertainment, happiness! You finally arrive to your isolated, barren planes of snow and ice for a home and realize, BAM! Where is reli gion in your life? Where will you go for churchRead MoreSimilarities and Differences of The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins and The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer 982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins and The House of the Scorpion written by Nancy Farmer have many opposing opinions, views, symbols, characters, plots and settings; however both novels retain several similarities as well. Katniss Everdeen lives in a make belief, future country called Panem. The Capitol rules the surrounding 12 districts in a dictator- like way. 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By carefully reading and analyzing the novel, readers can notice the rebellion theme which is represented and symbolized by the demonstration of the mockingjay, Katniss, the double suicide, the wildflowers, and the woods. The mockingjay is one of the symbols that represent a resistance in The Hunger GamesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Hunger Games 872 Words   |  4 Pages: something that a person hopes to do or achieve, or a desire to be successful, powerful, or famous. Ambition describes the main character of my book. In the final book of the Hunger Games, â€Å"Mockingjay† brings to us characters who have ambition, bravery, desire, and loyalty to help fight their battles. 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Suzanne Collins, author of The Hunger Games trilogy, created a fictional, yet extraordinary girl activist named Katniss Everdeen, who since the first novel was published in 2008, has inspired millions of young girls around the world to embrace their inner â€Å"mockingjay† and justify revolution when necessary. Katniss Everdeen is one of the most socially moving female protagonists in contemporary literary

What Is Awesome free essay sample

Secondly, hacks sack is also awesome because of the amount of different games that can be played with a hacks sack. Survivor is a game played with a hacks sack. Survivor is when every three drops someone is voted out of the circle. The last two people in the circle have a hack off. Or theres the games elimination, challenge, numbers, hockey hack and etc. The final thing that makes hacks sack Wesson is the competitions that people may enter.The competitions are worldwide, anyone may participate. The most recent competition is being held this Friday. It is being held in Breweries Lausanne, Baud, Switzerland at Less Pied a Gilles. You can learn lots playing hacks sack. Youll have so much fun with friends, family and other components. Hack sack is awesome and I think its something everyone should try as a new experience if they dont already hacks. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Awesome or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Compare and Contrast the Images of London Essay Example For Students

Compare and Contrast the Images of London Essay Composed Upon Westminster Bridge was a poem written by the famous poet, William Wordsworth in 1802. Poets traditionally studied pastoral images because cities had not evolved into the important place which they have now. Wordsworth realized that more people where beginning to live in cities and that they were becoming more important and more significant in peoples lives. Ian McMillan created a 21st Century version of Wordsworths poem, which shows how much places can dramatically change over a period of time. I shall compare and contrast the way in which each poet uses their language to convey their different images of past and present day London. William Wordsworth was born and raised in the Lake District, in England. He had a great appreciation for nature, which is apparent in many of his poems. He also had strong beliefs in pantheism. He was a crucial figure in the English Romantic Movement. He wrote the poem Composed Upon Westminster Bridge in the early hours of the morning on the third of September 1802. He composed it as he travelled across Westminster Bridge in a carriage and looked over London city, while most people were still sleeping in bed and when London was at its most dormant. The message of the poem is very clear, that London is one of the most beautiful landscapes at that time of the morning. The whole poem is perfectly formed around a Petrarchen sonnet. As it is a sonnet it consists of only fourteen lines in which Wordsworth has to write the poem. This means his language has to be specific and meaningful to make his message clear by the end of the poem. Wordsworth sets the tone for the rest of the poem in his first few lines of the octave: Earth has not any thing to shew more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty; These lines capture the audience by telling us that London is the fairest thing on earth, which is a bold statement. He suggests that only dull souls could not recognise its splendour. This emphasises the beauty of London dramatically, as he does not imply it is beautiful, but tells us it is the most beautiful sight. Wordsworth uses several linguistic techniques throughout the poem to create picturesque images. This City now doth like a garment wear The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, The use of personification here creates the image of the city wearing beauty, where beauty is a garment. Like a garment the beauty would be taken off or removed during the day, when the city is at its busiest and therefore least appealing. Wordsworth uses a semicolon and commas to make a caesura. This creates a small pause for the reader to absorb the silence. This gives a better picture of how peaceful London is and also adds a slow rhythm to the reading of the poem, which ties in with the relaxed nature of it. Moreover Wordsworth uses a persuasive style to communicate his message. The choice of language, which is used, is important to how the audience perceives the poem. Neer saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! The use of the word never leads us believe that this view is so spectacular that it does not compare with anything he has ever seen before. Furthermore Wordsworth uses personification to create an image. The river glideth at his own sweet will: Wordsworth almost gives the river its own character by saying that it glides at its own sweet will. The use of the verb glide makes it sound peaceful and calm. .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 , .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 .postImageUrl , .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 , .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9:hover , .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9:visited , .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9:active { border:0!important; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9:active , .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9 .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6cce534ddf3e5b1dcdd6dc685febe8e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Essay SummaryWordsworth was a strong believer in pantheism and he was also quite religious: Dear God! the very houses seem asleep; Wordsworths use of God in this line makes it sound as if he is astonished at how beautiful it is. He also builds personification into it once more, by saying that the houses seem asleep. This enhances the image of outstanding beauty which Wordsworth is trying to create. Wordsworths poem builds a clear message, which is enforced in many linguistic techniques and styles. He uses several examples of personification to share his message. He makes an extremely clear message that London is at its most beautiful during sunrise, and possibly the most beautiful sight ever. Commissioned by the Globe Theatre in the year 2002, Ian McMillan wrote the poem titled Wordsworths Return To Westminster Bridge. It strikes me immediately how very different both poems are. This is most definitely because of the effect 200 years has had on London. In the space of two centuries an industrial revolution has occurred making the city of London larger, with more people and more buildings. In fact, land which used to be fields is now covered with buildings and roads, in contrast to Wordsworths time. The message of McMillans poem is that London is an awful dirty place and that he is reluctant to live there. As McMillan is working off Wordsworths poem, it seems that he is arguing and trying to prove a point to Wordsworth, that his image of London is wrong. McMillans poem is structured around a Shakespearean sonnet. The rhyme scheme, which he has achieved, is not exactly a Shakespearean sonnet, but very similar to one. Nowadays this is not unusual for a poem not to follow the rhyme scheme precisely. Most poets improvise on it, which gives it originality. The fact that the poem lacks punctuation is also a more regular occurrence in present day poetry. This style lacks order and reflects the message that is being portrayed. The first two lines of McMillans poem show us immediately what he is doing with the tone of the poem: Earth has not any thing to show more fair (Well, to be honest, actually it does) McMillan begins with almost the same line as Wordsworth to make it apparent that he is reviewing Wordsworths poem. McMillan begins his criticism of London by the second line by stating that he disagrees with what he has said. The brackets used to punctuate this line give it a personal touch, as if McMillan has just read the beginning line and has added his own opinion. This would capture the audience, because he is sharing his opinion, which makes it more interesting. It also quite informal to use brackets, which builds upon the tone of disorder within the style of the poem. Once again McMillan gives us an insight on how different London has become since Wordsworths time: I cant hear myself think above the buzz The use of buzz is a good example of onomatopoeia and creates an idea for the reader of what it is actually like. This gives us a clear message. McMillan suggests that he cannot concentrate because of the intense noise, whereas Wordsworth increasingly built upon the image of tranquillity. McMillan also uses linguistic techniques to create an image with his words. Who move across the bridge as slow as sludge Who point and gawp and spit and swear and trudge The use of a simile as slow as sludge gives a very good image of what is happening. It also sets a mood. The word sludge is in my opinion very negative and dreary, therefore passing that dreary image on to the people. The use of and repeatedly creates a list. All the things, which are in this list are negative verbs. It emphasises the iambic pentameter and gives it a slow rhythm. This makes it seem like there are lots of negative points because of the way it is so dragged out. This greatly enhances the image created. .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 , .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 .postImageUrl , .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 , .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0:hover , .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0:visited , .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0:active { border:0!important; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0:active , .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0 .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud8fc1d138ed6fbe555878e8902ee77f0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Seamus Heaney presents childhood in "Death of a naturalist" and "Mid term break" EssayFurthermore McMillan alters Wordsworths lines to convey the opposite message. The opening of the sestet in Wordsworths poem: Never did sun more beautifully steep, is transformed into: Never did sun more grudgingly shine This slight alteration to the adverb portrays a totally different image. Grudgingly implies that the sun does not want to shine over London because it is so ugly, in contrast to Wordsworth who implies that the sun is proud to shine over the city. There is also a tone of confusion in the third line of the sestet: Which drop like confetti on empty bottles of wine The image of confetti dropping is generally related with weddings and celebrations, a good positive image, whereas the wine bottles are empty. This confusion makes the audience unsure, which gives the impression of London being a mess. The final line of the poem shows how much McMillan loathes London. He says how he is happy that he lives in the civilised north, referring to the north of England. This would imply to the audience that London, the south, is not civilised, but savage and dirty. I have compared and contrasted the differences in poetic style and imagery in both poems. Wordsworths poem brings out the full potential beauty in London, whereas McMillans poem shows the modern day reality of dirt and pollution, which is now found in most cities. London would have dramatically evolved from what it was 200 years ago because of advances in technology, meaning people depend on machines more than manual labour. This would draw people from the countryside into the city and the city would therefore get larger with more and more buildings. Personally I prefer McMillans version of Wordsworths Composed Upon Westminster Bridge . Wordsworths Return To Westminster Bridge is more realistic and a clearer picture of what a city is, for me. This is probably because I could not depict a city as being beautiful.